His father wrote him a letter giving the throne to him. - Cession
Carlos himself abdicated the neapolitan throne on his 3rd son Fernando when he suceeded to the spanish crown.
Carlos and his younger brother Felipe had been involved in the turmoil of several negotiations regarding the Duchy of Parma.
Carlos had ruled the duchy between 1731-36 but exchanged it for Naples and Sicily with Austria.
In 1748 Austria lost Parma and Felipe won it.
He was Felipe V 4th son and Isabel Farnese (from whom the duchy came from) 2nd son.
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Adoption: Carl XIV Bernadotte, younger son of Henri Bernadotte, was adopted by king Carl XIII of Sweden.
The adoption didn't make him heir to the throne. He was elected by Parliament.
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