Had Louis XV died young than there is little doubt his uncle Felipe V would have been able to return to France to reign there. Probably leaving one of his younger sons to succeed him in Spain.
The Borbons of Spain were no longer French by birth from the sons of Felipe V onwards and as such not eligible to succeed. Not unlike the rules in Portugal.
Gaston could have fitted in had he become the head of the dynasty after his return. He did not and his sons were born as Brazilian nationals not Frenchmen so no longer able to resurrect a claim to the French succession.
The same thing applies to the Spanish and Italian Borbons. After Felipe V they were not French so could not transmit French rights.
The entire French succession laws have always been to prevent a foreign dynasty or foreign rulers to take over the French throne. That is why women were shut out (princesses married foreign rulers as the result of international diplomacy, by not giving them succession-rights they remained French but their heirs were foreigners).
Henri of Bourbon was able to succeed as Henri IV not because his mother was the first cousin of Henri II but because his father was a male line descendant of Saint Louis in an unbroken French line. Henri inherited his mother's kingdom of Navarre but was also French as the heir of his father's French dominions. He had been one of the figureheads of a French political party/lobby group.
The french succession law considered that any prince called to reign in a foreign country would loose his rights to the throne on the grounds of pérégrinité .
It happened with Felipe V (Bourbon) called to reign in Spain, and with Gaston, count of Eu, married to the Emperor of Brazil's daughter and heiress.
The cases of Felipe and Gaston are purely hypothetical. There was never a time when either was heir and was passed over.
There are, however, several examples in French history when a prince who reigned in a foreign country became heir. In every single one of those cases, the prince actually did succeed to the French throne and was not passed over.
In 1573 Henri, duc d'Orléans, younger brother and heir apparent of King Charles IX, was elected king of Poland. The following year Charles IX died and Henri succeeded as King Henri III.
In 1589 King Henri III died and was succeeded by his distant cousin Henri III, King of Navarre, as King Henri IV.
In 1420 the Treaty of Troyes was signed, affirming that the heir apparent of King Charles VI was King Henry V of England. Two years later Charles died and Henry succeeded (but not without opposition).
Pérégrinité is a theory when it comes to the French succession. Every time it has been put to the test it has been shown not to count.
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