Usually, however, one is a living paternal grandfather of a reigning monarch through the branching out of the dynasty into cadet branches of the house (e.g. Bourbon, Habsburg, Glücksburg). Previous Message
When Duke Robert I became Duke of Parma in 1854 after his father was murdered, his grand-father Duke Carlo II was very much alive.
He had abdicated in favour of his son in 1848 and died in 1883.
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