Leopold I of Austria (nicknamed "Hogmouth" by his subjects) and his unfortunate nephew, Carlos II of Spain appear to have been the last Habsburg rulers to exhibit these family traits in exaggerated form. After them the penny seems to have finally dropped and the dynasty eased up on their notorious habit of inbreeding.
Here's a much simplified article for people like me with limited scientific knowledge:
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/habsburg-jaw-royal-family-inbreeding-facial-deformity-spain-austria-holy-roman-empire-a9229071.html?utm_source=taboola&utm_medium=Feed[quote ]
Fascinating from what I could gather. Unfortunately I don't know enough about biology to be able to understand very much of it.
An interesting scholarly paper looks at facial deformities in Hapsburg rulers of Spain and Austria . Maxillo facial surgeons score deformities using modern medical assessment tools and scores are compared to degrees of in breeding in each individual.
Paper
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