Great Britain: the Stuart queens, Mary II and her sister Anne, were able to ascend the throne because their father (King James VII/II) was deposed during the Glorious Revolution and their half-brother (Prince James Francis) was deposed in the succession
Queen Victoria succeeded in 1837, despite having living uncles and cousins in the house of Hanover
Queen Elizabeth II succeeded in 1952, despite having a living uncle and cousins in the house of Windsor
Spain: Queen Isabel II succeeded in 1833, but her accession sparked the Carlist wars in the country, since her Bourbon uncle had expected to ascend the throne after the death of his brother, her sonless father (King Fernando VII)
Portugal: Queen Maria II succeeded in 1828, but her throne got usurped by her Braganza uncle Miguel. She eventually managed to get it back after he got deposed and exiled.
Have there been other examples in history?
I mention only these women because the other queens regnant, to the best of my knowledge, had no living legitimate agnates: King Henry VIII of England, for instance, had no surviving younger brother (much less nephew through him). Mary, Queen of Scots had only illegitimate male-line relatives.
Christina could not have become the queen of Sweden, if she had any legitimate paternal uncle or cousin in the house of Vasa living. None of the Russian empresses regnant (Elizabeth, Anne) could have succeeded either, had there been living legitimate agnates in the house of Romanov.
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