The 18th century in Russia has been called "The Century of Women", because of the number of ruling empresses. It was also the century in which Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresia (Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia) ruled. So there would have been some overlapping of reigning queens.
Portugal has also had a couple of queens regnant, both named Maria. So you might throw them into the mix, when it comes to overlapping reigns in the 18th and 19th centuries.
A quick review of some reigns that overlapped.
Queen Isabel II of Spain 1833 - 1868
Queen Victoria of the UK 1837 - 1901
Queen Victoria of the UK 1837 - 1901
Queen Wilhelmina of The Netherlands 1890 - 1948
Queen Wilhelmina of The Netherlands 1890 - 1948
Grand Duchess Marie Adelaide of Luxembourg 1912 - 1919
Queen Wilhelmina of The Netherlands 1890 - 1948
Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg 1919 - 1964
With the impending abdication of Denmark's Margrethe II, Europe will have no reigning queen for decades. Between 1972 and 2013, however, there were always three at any given time: the Netherlands was headed by a queen regnant from 1890 to 2013, the Danish witnessed the accession of their first official queen regnant in history, and Elizabeth II of Great Britain was in the middle of her 70-year reign.
What were other periods in European royal history where one had two or more queens reigning simultaneously?
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